Walter F. Weiker, "The Ottoman Bureaucracy: Modernization and Reform", Administrative Science Quarterly, vol 13, no 3, 451 - 470, 1968.
The term "Ottoman" when used in this article denotes membership in a small ruling group characterized by Muslim Religion, loyalty to Ottoman dynasty, and "Ottoman culture", a strong sense of belonging to an exclusive upper class (often including the conviction that only they were fit to rule), and sharp social, cultural, and intellectual separation from the rest of the population.
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